Jinnah Business Research Center” of Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad (Pakistan).
The Jinnah Business Review (JBR) is a Bi-annual academic research journal of the “Jinnah Business Research Center” of Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad (Pakistan). The journal publishes two issues every year, i.e. January and July. The Journal publishes theoretical and empirical research papers in management, finance, human resource management, marketing and economics, project management and technology, psychology, and all other related disciplines of management and social sciences.
A How Does Social Media Marketing Efforts, Electronic Word ofMouth and Consumer Brand Identification Leads Consumer toPay a Premium Price
The main drive of this research was to study the practices of marketing that include social media marketing, electronic word of mouth and consumer brand identification while exploring the influence on customer willingness to pay premium price within food industry by mainly focusing on coffee shops of the twin cities (Rawalpindi and Islamabad), Pakistan. The significance of this research is the identification of critical high performance marketing strategies for customer satisfaction within a Pakistani context by comparing a total of 10 local and international coffee shop outlets within Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Capital Territory. Data collection method was quantitative through detailed questionnaires for an overall sample size of 250 respondents. The critical business areas were, therefore, customized to incorporate data collection from customers to ascertain preference and satisfaction of local or international coffee shop outlets. Additionally, the marketing high performance data was also collected qualitatively through Electronic Word of Mouth (EWOM) from social media platforms of different coffee shops online pages, thus it was proved that social media marketing efforts have an indirect or moderate relationship with premium price products because social media marketing does not influence the consumer’s purchase decision and willingness to pay premium price, but it may only enhances the Customer-Brand Identification or help generating electronic word of mouth. Whereas, the food industry in Pakistan also showed a positive relationship between the consumer brand identification and customer’s willingness to pay premium price because when consumers regularly purchase products from a brand they are likely to become brand loyal, and the factor that is most effective is e-WOM influencing brand image. Thus this study shows the positive relationship between the EWOM and customers’ willingness to pay premium price. In this study it becomes clear that customer’s purchase decision is positively affected by the EWOM & CBI. Whereas, Social Media Marketing efforts helps in creating awareness and in enhancing the EWOM and CBI, not directly influencing the customer to pay premium.
Copyright (c) 2022 Jinnah Business Research Center” of Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad (Pakistan).
A Impact of Sensory Marketing on Green Purchase Intention: View-ing the Mediating Role of Green Attitude in the Cosmetic Indus-try
Purpose – The demand of green beauty products is increasing in Asian countries due to intense environmental problems associated with the purchase of makeup. However, the factors to determine green purchase intention of natural beauty brands is still under discussion. This study aims to bridge the gap by examining the impact of sensory marketing on green purchase intention of green beauty brands via a mediating role of green attitude. The Theory of planned behaviour was used to explore the dimensions of green purchase intention for green beauty product brands. Methodology – This study was cross-sectional and was conducted by self-administered closed ended questionnaires. In total 370 questionnaires were distributed, out of which 282 usable responses were used in the analysis with a response rate of 76%. The data was collected from female university students of Rawalpindi and Islamabad by using purposive sampling technique. The correlation among variables and regression analysis were applied to analyse data. Findings – The findings of the study indicate that sensory marketing has a significant positive impact on green purchase intention of natural beauty products. The study supports the mediating role of green attitude for the relationship between sensory marketing and green purchase intention. The results did not support the moderating impact of openness to experience on the relationship between sensory marketing and green purchase intention. Environmental consciousness is found to have no moderating impact on the green attitude-green purchase intention relationship. Value/Originality – The study gives valuable insight to address the problems associated with the marketing of green products in developing countries. The study is significant as it explores the novel factors that are rarely discussed in the previous studies to investigate green purchase intention of consumers for green beauty brands. Another contribution of the study is to familiarise marketers of developing countries with an inexpensive tool to market eco-friendly cosmetic brands, keeping in view consumers’ needs and demands. Implications – The study has implications to theory and extends the body of knowledge in luxurious and natural beauty products. The research overcomes the ambiguities associated with green cosmetic industry and supports the development of organic cosmetic industry in the emerging and less developing countries. Moreover, the study directs green products manufacturers and marketers to market organic products through innovative marketing strategies. The study suggests marketers to target their audience by keeping in mind their attitudes, cultural differences, geographical conditions, and sensory attributes that influence their purchasing intentions.
A Impact of Corporate Governance on Cost of Capital: ModeratingRole of Foreign Ownership
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Corporate Governance (CoGo) mechanism with moderating role of foreign ownership on the COC. The 108 listed non-financial firm’s annual data, ranging from 2011 to 2017, is extracted from annual reports. The ordinary least square method has been used with different techniques such as common, fixed, and random effect models but most variables were significant in the common effect model. The statistical findings of the study indicate that there is a significant relationship between CoGo mechanisms and the COC in non-financial firms of Pakistan. To some extent foreign ownership moderates, the relationship between the Audit Committee (AuCo), board of directors’ managerial ownership, and COC and leverage (debt to asset ratio) plays a controlling role among these variables. All non-financial firms should increase the environment of foreign ownership in their firms for the profit maximization and development of the economy.
A Achieving Project Performance through Work from Home dur-ing the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mediating Role of Procrastina-tion
The COVID-19 pandemic gave rise to work from home; however, its complexities, effects, and effectiveness in project-based settings have received little attention. The current study aims to test the effects of working from home on project performance, with procrastination acting as a mediator. The survey method is used to collect cross-sectional data for telecom sector-related projects, which is then analyzed using the SEM analysis in AMOS. The study’s key findings are that working from home has a significant positive effect on project performance and staff procrastination, while staff procrastination has a negative impact on project performance. Furthermore, procrastination was discovered to be a mediator in the relationship between work from home and project performance. The finding implies that work from home must be properly managed in order to be effective in a project setting, especially in Pakistan.
A A Comparative Study: Bank Loan V/S Trade Credit, a Panel DataApproach
Non-financial firms have a unique behavior towards trade credit, where they have complicated constraints on bank loans for a developing economy. There is a huge trading governed by the way of trade credit in this ever emerging trade era. Trade credit is a short-term business financing based on purchases between the buyer and the supplier. In almost every field technology has driven trading to the smart, sophisticated ways of businesses. The current study is concerned with some of these factors especially the trade credit system which is beneficial for the small industries of the country. This is helpful in suitable decision making for business schemes, to overcome those factors which causes obstacles in revenue generation in case of lack of availability of funds from banks and other financial institutions. The demand for trade credit serves the best means of short term financing to the financial distressed firms. Financial sectors including banks require the collateral as guarantee however, customer is usually unable to provide any security and suffers from financial discomfort. The interest rates and documentation keeps the burden on the small investors so they move towards other easy sources of funding as trade credit is suitable for same business dealers. Whereas, trade credit serves the short term loan at easy requirements. This facility is helpful for the customer in flexible way as product price and profit is returned after a short time span. Trade credit regulates the business in a smooth way. The method adopted to pursue the research is by using the panel data of Pakistan non-financial SMEs from 2009–2019, it has been analyzed that although the investments of SMEs are restricted by banks, trade credit can maintain the sustainability of enterprises. Private enterprises are more reliant on trade credit, which can be intensified during periods of monetary tightening. The data is also helpful for SME’s having lack of financial support. Due to the long-term nature and information asymmetry, SMEs experience serious financial constraints that affect their business. The methodology used is Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) formalized by Lars Peter Hansen in 1982. GMM is helpful for the problem raised because of the correlation among the independent variables and the error term known as endogeneity as well as the heterogeneity of firms. The results enlighten that trade credit is the simplest and most demanding method to generate finance for the financially distressed firms as compared to the bank loans and other financial sectors. The conclusion states that the short term financing as trade credit is suitable for small investors as compared to the bank loan and other financial institutions.
COVID-19 and non-financial firms of Pakistan
A The Role of Internal Marketing in Employee Loyalty - Job Satis-faction as Mediator: A Study of Hospitality Industry of Pakistan
The study highlights internal marketing as a key/central concept in pursuit of achieving organizational loyalty among employees. This paper identifies the relationship between internal marketing and employee loyalty with mediating role of job satisfaction. Data was collected through survey-based questionnaires from 386 employees working in the hospitality industry of Pakistan. Amos 22 was used for CFA and SPSS 22 for correlational and regression analysis. Results revealed that internal marketing boosts employee loyalty, and additionally job satisfaction provides effective underlying mechanism for the relationship between internal marketing and employee loyalty. Thus, effective implementation of internal marketing helps to inspire and motivate employees creating a long run sustainable competitive advantage.
A Influence of Inclusive Leadership on Project Success with Moderating Role of Stakeholder Relationship Management
Purpose: Any successful organization must manage stakeholder relationships effectively. It is a deciding factor with a direct impact on the overall profit and results of the organization. As a result, research into how stakeholder relationships influence organizational functioning is required. The current study, on the other hand, seeks to investigate the moderating effect of stakeholder relationship in the relationship of two key factors i.e., inclusive leadership and project success. Design/Methodology/approach: Using 200 questionnaires, data was collected from project employees and managers from various project-based construction firms. Data was obtained using online questionnaires to measure the influence of inclusive leadership on project success. The data was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. The results mostly back up the hypothesis. Findings: According to the findings, the inclusive leadership of the project manager has a positive impact on project success. Furthermore, when both internal and external stakeholders are managed, inclusive leadership drives the project to success. Practical implications: According to the findings, inclusive leadership is related to project success. It is recommended that project managers demonstrate inclusiveness in their leadership in the presence of effective internal and external stakeholder management, which will have a positive impact on project success. Originality/value: This is the first study to look at inclusive leadership and project success in Pakistan, with internal and external stakeholder relationship management playing a moderating role.
A Impact of Premium on Profit of Insurance Companies in Pakistan
Life insurance is a major contributor to the insurance industry’s expansion in Pakistan. From the standpoint of the overall growth of the insurance industry is critical. At the same time, there are numerous issues in this industry that affect its performance. The study provides insight into Pakistan’s life insurance sector’s performance. This research aims to determine the impact of life insurance premium earned on profitability. Regression analysis is done to analyze the outcomes. According to the study’s findings, there is a significant relationship between earned premium and underwriting profit. Premium earn is increasing but underwriting profit is decreasing instead of generating more profit for the insurance industry.
A Measuring Performance of university Employees: A Hard skill and Soft Skill Analysis.
Any organization’s personnel are a key measure of its development. In this present era, this workforce indirectly serves to improve a country’s economy, and nations with big industrial empires tap into the labor force of developing countries to fulfil their growing demand for labor. A highly skilled and competent workforce is critical to any organization’s success. The goal of this study was to determine the existing demographics and skill levels of the workforce at three distinct institutions in Jamshoro, Sindh. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used in the research. The data was analyzed in SPSS-21, and mean values were calculated in order to create skill scale graphs of the present workforce situation. It is feasible to inform the public as well as the government through this study to take stringent steps to address the problem in a timely way, so strengthening the modest Human resources to gain competitive advantage of the workforce. The findings are crucial because they clearly show the deteriorating situation and imply that it is past time for the government to recognize the need to boost the workforce in order to repair a declining economy at the grassroots level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jinnah Business Research Center” of Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad (Pakistan).
A The Effects of High-Performance Work Practices on Turnover In-tention with Mediating Role of Psychological Contract Breach:A Case of IT Firms in Oman
The study aimed to test the HPWS and its employee outcomes in the IT sector in Oman with mediating role of Psychological Contract Breach (PCB). The study utilized a quantitative approach along with a cross-sectional survey method for data collection. Data is collected from the staff of selected IT firms (n=124). AMOS is used for analysis which consisted of two stages. In the first stage, the reliability and validity of the construct are tested; while, in the second stage, regression analysis is used for hypotheses testing. The study result shows that recruitment & selection, training & development, job security, and communication exerted negative and significant influence on staff turnover intentions; while, the result for promotion and autonomy turned out to be insignificant and negative insignificant. Furthermore, recruitment and selection, job security, and autonomy had negative and significant effects on employees’ perceived psychological contract breach (PCB), whereas training and development, promotion, and communication had small effects. PCB partly mediates between HPWS dimensions and staff turnover intentions, according to mediation studies based on indirect impact analysis. Based on these findings, we concluded that HPWS is critical for IT companies to generate positive employee outcomes.
Jinnah Business Review Jan 2022, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 87-97DOI: 10.53369/GAKB8969Impact of Sensory Marketing on Purchase Intention: MediatedRole of Sensory Experience and Moderated Role of SwitchingCost
In today market consumer behavior change rapidly, consumers are rationally take decision before but now consumer want to purchase that product in which they feel sensorial satisfaction. Experiential marketing gives unforgettable experience to customer rationally and emotionally in specific interest to get satisfying outcome. The point of this study is to discover the impact of sensory marketing on purchase intention of consumer with mediating role of sensory experience and moderating role of switching cost in fast food restaurants. The reason to choose fast food restaurants is only that the food corner is the only place where consumers senses mostly used and targeted. Data were collected through field survey 300 adopted questionnaires gathered and completed through randomly selected customer. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation and regression analysis were used to test the hypothesis under preacher and Hayes assumptions. The findings suggest that SM have significant and positive effect on PI and mediating variable SE also have a significant and positive effect between SM and PI and the impact of SM on PI is moderated by SC variable that also have a positive and significant. The results show that SM is significantly associated with PI, mediating variable and moderating variable also have a positive and significantly associated.
A Impact of Reward System on Employee’s Performance: A CaseStudy of Government Sector Organizations in Pakistan
Purpose: Modern globalization has changed the scenario of government organization in the government sector in third-world countries, especially in south Asia in terms of human resource management. It is now much more difficult to maintain the quality performance of employees in government organizations. So, the basic aim of this study is to check the impact level of a better reward system on employee performance. Design/Methodology/Approach: For the objective, this study distributed 100 questionnaires among the various employees of government department organizations through random sampling. 80 questionnaires were considered valid and the data was processed through SPSS. Various tests were conducted. Findings: The findings clearly explained that the handsome reward system always impacts employees’ performance. Implications: If government organizations want to maintain better performance as compared to the private sector, they need to address a better reward system.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jinnah Business Research Center” of Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad (Pakistan).
A Game Theory of Regulator, Companies, and Cooperation in In-donesian Financial Technology Industry
This article tries to examine possible rational payoffs of cooperative and non-cooperative interaction between the financial regulator and companies in the financial technology industry. To understand the interaction paradox within the financial technology industry, a framework based on Game Theory Prisoners Dilemma Payoff Matrix is used to iterate conditional probabilities that represents the possible decisions given by both the financial regulator and the fintech companies. The possible decisions and consequences of cooperative or non-cooperative decision from each of the player, are encoded into a 2 X 2 matrix to illustrate the conditional probabilities, then analyzed to find the best interaction option. Indonesian financial regulators have not provided clear regulations about the financial technology industry on broad terms inclusive of major types of fintech businesses commonly found in Indonesia. Indonesian financial regulators represented by the Bank Indonesia (Indonesian Central Bank), Ministry of Finance, and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (Financial Services Regulator), only enacted regulations for certain types of fintech, such as peer-to-peer lending, digital banking, and digital payments. Many other types of fintech have not been regulated or inadequately regulated for business boundaries, liabilities, and obligations toward the consumers. The financial regulators mostly rely on enforcement efforts to fulfill the mandate to promote innovation, protect market integrity, ensure clarity in the market. However, these enforcement actions have potential harms to the mandate if the financial regulators cannot provide clear regulations or ensure enforcement predictability, transparency, and consistency. The best possible rational option for the legal interaction between financial technology companies and financial regulators would be to cooperate. The second-best option would be the company cooperating while the financial regulator does not cooperate. The third option would be both the company and the financial regulator do not cooperate. The least beneficial option would be for the company not to cooperate while the financial regulator cooperates. This article presents a possible contribution to corroborating the conjecture that the best possible rational option for the legal interaction between financial technology companies and financial regulators, would be to cooperate.
A Effect of Paternalistic Leadership on Employee Creativity andOrganizational Citizenship Behavior
Purpose: The overall objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between paternalistic leadership, Trust, employee creativity, and organizational citizenship behavior. Based on the review, the present study examines and tries to fill the gaps that have yet to be tended to in previous literature. This research is comparatively and possibly a novel thought from a Pakistani perspective and especially in Government and Semi Government related organizations since it expects to develop and test an integrative model. Design/Methodology/Approach: The unit of analysis for the study is individuals employed in the selected organizations of Pakistan. The sample size of the study was determined at 188 and the total response rate of the data collection is 85%. A sample size of 188 was faced as a restraint. The sampling technique is convenience based and data collection is cross-sectional. The study has its originality as an integrative model formulated with the combination of these variables that have not been tested earlier specifically in government and semi-government related organizations i.e. OGDCL & PTCL. Findings: Results of the study indicate that paternalistic leadership is having a significant relationship with both the dependent variables i.e. Employee Creativity and Organization Citizenship Behavior. The employee reported that such leadership traits allow them to come up with creative performance and with citizenship behavior. Moreover, trust is also mediating the proposed relationship between paternalistic leadership, employee creativity, and organizational citizenship behavior. The sample size was faced as a limitation. Practical Implications: However, the organizations should encourage leaders to ensure the formulation and implementation of the employee concerning policies and procedures which will resultantly assist in exhibiting citizenship behavior. The study has significance for policymakers, managers, supervisors, and employees at all levels.
A Portfolio Based Style Analysis of Equity Mutual Funds in Pakistan
The investment style has become a prominent concept in investment management. The researcher highlights the significance of selecting the right style benchmarks and warns that the use of unsuitable style benchmarks can lead to erroneous decisions. This study extends and applies new measures of portfolio performance of mutual funds, primarily based on the characteristics of equity stocks, including book-to-market, price-to-earnings, market capitalization, dividend yield, and momentum. The technique of style analysis, specifically portfolio-based style analysis, is applied to the open-ended equity mutual funds of Pakistan. Data were collected from the Mutual Fund Association of Pakistan for the period 2010 to 2014. The findings relate to the inclusion of the price-to-earnings factor in the model, and the net effect was tested using multivariate regression analysis. All portfolios were found to be negative and significant for the price-to-earnings factor. The study demonstrates the appropriateness of creating portfolios based on style analysis of equity mutual funds in Pakistan. Decision-makers of mutual funds should carefully account for all relevant factors to maximize returns regarding investment, financing, and valuation decisions.
A Impact of Inclusive leadership on Project Success with Mediating Role of Work Engagement and Moderating Role of PersonJob Fit
Purpose: This study finds the impact of inclusive leadership on project success. Furthermore, the mediating role of work engagement and the moderating role of person-job fit in the relationship between inclusive leadership and project success has also been researched. Design/Methodology/Approach: 334 personnel from various project-based organizations in Pakistan’s twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi were used in the data collection. Findings: The findings show a strong correlation between inclusive leadership and project performance. Additionally, it was discovered that work involvement plays a mediating role. The relationship between inclusive leadership and work engagement is also moderated by person-job fit. Practical Implications: It’s recommended that project manager must exhibit inclusive leadership as it will enhance work engagement which will result in project success. The inclusive leader will undoubtedly be able to increase employee engagement when management ensures a person’s job fit. Originality/Value: This study looked at how inclusive leadership affects a project’s success. Additionally, the job fit of the individual acts as the moderator, and employee work engagement serves as the mediator in this interaction.
A How social media influence the customers buying behavior dur-ing Covid-19? Evidence from Pakistan.
The research examined the impact of social media, social networking theory, word of mouth feedback loop, and credibility content on consumer buying behavior in Pakistan. A structured questionnaire was shared using convenience sampling between 650–700 participants; however, 392 complete responses were received. The estimations revealed a significant and positive impact of social media, social networking theory, word of mouth, feedback loop, and credibility content on buying behavior in Pakistan. Social media plays an important role in consumer buying behavior, meaning that people are more likely to search, buy, and share products using social media channels. Due to COVID-19, the number of responses received was less than expected. Furthermore, the salary of the respondents was not included in the questionnaire, which could have provided more detailed information. The study examined the in-depth impact of social media on the people of Pakistan considering their demographic and socioeconomic factors, as historical literature lacked such evidence. Owners and managers aiming to attract or retain customers must build their online presence using the most used social channels like Instagram and Facebook. Future researchers should create a precise yet comprehensive survey, and the salary of respondents can be used to determine the behavior of people with different income levels.
A Impact of Adoption of Islamic Banking on Consumer Perceptions: A Case of Pakistan
Knowledge, awareness and religious beliefs plays a vital role in the adoption of Islamic banking towards consumer perception. This study aims to identify the impact of adoption of Islamic banking towards consumer perceptions in Pakistan. In this study, primary data is used collected through questionnaire filled by 306 respondents. Adoption of Islamic banking is categorized on the basis of three dimensions including consumer’s knowledge, awareness & religion which measured by demographic analysis through questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, correlation analysis and reliability analysis are major techniques used for hypothesis testing. This quantitative research concluded that there is a significant and positive impact of knowledge, awareness and religious beliefs on consumer perceptions. There is a low positive but directly related relationship of knowledge, awareness and religious beliefs with consumer perceptions. The conclusion of the current study is that awareness and religious beliefs are directly related with consumer perceptions and the maximum consumers have less knowledge and awareness about Islamic banking because of absence of marketing strategies and advertisement. It would be best to focus on the marketing strategies and advertisements in order to increase the adoption rate of consumers towards Islamic banking.
A Corporate Governance and Bank Liquidity Creation in Nigeria:Panel Vector Error Correction
The study surveyed the influence of sound corporate governance on banks’ liquidity creation in Nigeria using secondary data gleaned from annual reports and accounts of five (5) quoted Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria between 2013 and 2019. The obtained data were subjected to several preliminary and inferential statistical analyses, and the results of the descriptive statistics and PVEC Model revealed that all the specified indicators of Corporate Governance, for example, Board Size, Board Independence, and Audit Committee, exert a positive influence on banks’ liquidity creation, while only Board Independence and Audit Committee have a significant influence on liquidity creation of the selected banks. Thus, the study suggested that bank managers and policymakers must ensure that DMBs continuously design and implement effective corporate governance mechanisms to enhance their liquidity.
A Asymmetry in Oil Price Shocks Effect Economic Policy Uncertainty? An Empirical Study from Pakistan
This study aims to explore the asymmetry in oil price shocks and its effect on the economic policy uncertainty of Pakistan using NARDL model. The findings reveal a long-run equilibrium relationship between the economic policy uncertainty and oil price shocks. Moreover, the findings show the asymmetric relationship between oil price shocks and economic policy uncertainty in the short and long run. The findings are important for investors looking to invest in Pakistan and the policymakers and regulators
A Impact of Workplace Bullying on Employee Cynicism by Considering Emotional Labor as a Mediator and Core Self-Evaluationas a Moderator
The current study investigates and evaluates the moderated mediation model by examining at the direct and mediated effects of workplace bullying on employee cynicism through emotional labor, using core-self-evaluation as a moderator, using the conservation of resource theory as a perspective. An online questionnaire survey is used in the research design. The data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. To evaluate the data from 216 workers, correlation analysis and regression were performed using all exogenous constructs as independent variables and the endogenous construct as the dependent variable. The study’s findings revealed that workplace bullying causes emotional labor among teachers, leading to employee cynicism, with core-self-evaluation as a significant mediator. The current study’s findings have consequences for both practice and theory. Because there is always room for improvement, the current study outlines several potential future research topics, such as time-lag studies with large sample sizes.
core-self-evaluation and conservation of resource theory
A Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Reports onSale Performance: Evidence from Pakistani Non-Financial Firms
This manuscript investigates how corporate social responsibility disclosure reports impact on firm sales performance. The proxies used for sales performance and corporate social responsibility are return on sales and corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure index respectively. Data has been collected from 166 non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) for the period of 11 years from 2009 to 2019. The study has adopted panel data for statistical analysis. The study concluded that the corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure index has a significant negative impact on return on sales. Shareholders and agency theory shows that corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities create a financial burden for companies. These theories support this study’s results. According to shareholder theory, firms do not operate for society but also for their stakeholder’s benefits. The theory also states that companies need to focus on shareholders’ wealth maximization instead to invest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). Leverage, gross domestic product, financial development of banks, and foreign direct investment have also a negative impact on return on sales. The financial development of the private sector has a significant positive impact on return on sales. The findings of the study provide fundamental support to corporate managers and policymakers on how they bring improvement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) with the adoption of techniques regarding this study.
A The Impact of HRM Practices on Organizational Financial Performance of Banking Sector of Pakistan
This research comprehensively assessed the relation between framework of human resource management (HRM) practices and organizational financial performance. The results based on a sample of banks of Pakistan demonstrate that these practices have a monetarily and measurably huge effect on financial performance of organization in short and long term. Information was gathered through a questionnaire survey and tested on random sample of 120 bank employees in Pakistan. The effect of HR practices on financial performance of association is to a limited extent dependent upon their interrelationships. The mediating model is applied where the perceived organizational support is the mediating factor among the independent variables HR practices and dependent variable the financial performance of firm. The investigation demonstrates the relationship on the information gathered by the surveys using Statistical techniques, i.e. correlation and regression. The study concluded that all tested variables have a positive relation and impact on financial performance of banks. Towards the end, the research challenges are presented to mainstream researchers and future patterns are also enlisted.
A The Impact of E-satisfaction, brand reputation and E-trust on Eloyalty: An Empirical Study of apparel industry of Rawalpindiand Islamabad
The objective of this paper is to examine online brand relationships, and the connection between satisfaction, trust, and loyalty on the online level. The website is considered to be an extension of the parent brand. It also seeks to explore the effects of offline experiences on online level experiences. Methodology employed included a survey through distributing close-ended questionnaires individually to people of Rawalpindi. The sample size for this study was 200. Responses of questionnaires were analyzed through SPSS statistics by performing Regression and Correlation analysis. The results confirm the results of previous studies, indicating that satisfaction and trust at the site level is a determining factor in the retention of online businesses. However, they also show that brand-level experiences can vary depending on online satisfaction, trust and loyalty, depending on the relationship between the consumer and the brand. Interestingly, in this case, the duration of the user’s history and the registration of the website have a negative impact on online trust. This article combines the literature on the satisfaction and reputation of online brand loyalty. The findings of the study are based on large-scale surveys that provide researchers and practitioners with valuable insights into how the brand experience is related to clients’ attitudes and commitments to health. ’Internet. The context of the study, the magazine publishing industry, has drawn less attention from researchers, although several publishers have expanded their brands online.
A The Relationship between Workplace Violence and Turnover Intention with a Mediating Role of Work Engagement and Job Sat-isfaction
The current study aimed at identifying the relationship between turnover intention and workplace violence with a mediating role of work engagement and job satisfaction. A structured questionnaire has been used as a tool. In order to test the relationship, data were collected from 150 employees working in call centers of Pakistan, as the rate of turnover intention is highest in call centers. A cross sectional analysis was used to find out the results. SPSS has been used to find the results. Results indicated that workplace violence has significant relationship with turnover intention, and work engagement and job satisfaction plays a mediating role in this relationship. This paper reveals insight into the relation among the concept of workplace violence, work engagement, job satisfaction and turnover intention and forms a novel study that has not been recently investigated. The examination uncovered that if there is violence at workplace it will reduce work engagement and job satisfaction, which will lead to turnover intention. We support replications and expansion of this examination to build the generalizability.
Jinnah Business Review July 2021, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 112-124 The Relationship between Workplace Violence and Turnover In- tention with a Mediating Role of Work Engagement and Job Sat- isfaction
A Does Monetary Policy Determines Liquidity? New Evidence fromPakistan Stock Market
Monetary policy and its influence on liquidity is one of the most contentious issues in recent periods. As Pakistan is an emerging market with growing opportunities so people’ interest is increasing and investors are more concern about liquidity position of Pakistan market. This research using sample of 100 firms listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange (non-financial) for the period 2000-2020. In first step, simple regression is estimated to investigate the effect of monetary policy on market liquidity. In which the liquidity of market in month t is modeled as a function of the Industrial growth rate (IGRt), Inflation rate (INFt), market return (RMt), standard deviation (SDt) and real interest rate (INTt). In second step, in-depth investigation is encountered that how announcement of new monetary policy determines the liquidity of individual stocks listed on PSX 100 index. For that purpose, panel regressions (fixed effect model) are estimated in which the liquidity (LIQi,t) of stock i in month t is modeled as a function of the (one-month lagged) SBP’s monetary policy, the interaction term and other lagged control variables. Findings can be summarized firstly, at stock market level, results confirm that expansionary monetary policy entails more liquid stock markets. Secondly, study complement the micro analysis and find that expansionary (restrictive) monetary policy results in an increase (decrease) in stock liquidity. This study is helpful for investors in devising investment plans on the basis of assessing certain facets of liquidity like risk, return, inflation rate, trading volume.
A Customer Loyalty a Key to Success: A Case Study in Telecom Sector of Pakistan
This paper determined the role of service quality as an independent variable, with perceived value, word of mouth, and customer satisfaction as mediating variables, in creating customer loyalty among telecom users. Extensive literature shows the impact of these factors on customer loyalty. The telecom industry faces intense competition due to market saturation, declining ARPU, shifts to cheaper internet-based communication tools, unexpected mergers, rising costs, and decreasing margins. To survive and grow, telecom companies must devise effective customer retention strategies. Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires from a simple random sample of 300 university students in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Analysis using SEM in AMOS 20 tested both direct (service quality → customer loyalty) and indirect relationships through mediators. Results revealed that customer satisfaction is the strongest mediator, having a greater effect on customer loyalty than the direct link with service quality. The study concludes that improving customer satisfaction enhances service quality, customer loyalty, and industrial professionalism, while corporate image and switching barriers are suggested as potential areas for future research.
DR. M. IRFANULLAH ARFEEN DR. M. IRFANULLAH ARFEEN
A The Impact of SMS Advertisements on Purchase Intention ofApparel Brands’ Consumers in Quett
The use of mobile devices has become quite common which has provided marketers with the opportunity to utilize it to reach their customers; therefore, SMS advertising as a marketing instrument is widely being used nowadays. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of factors of SMS advertisements (entertainment, credibility, informativeness, and irritation) on the consumer purchase industry of apparel brands in Quetta. Hypotheses were formed to find out the results. The questionnaire was adapted and used for the dependent and independent variables. Using convenience sampling, we collected data from 312 cell phone users. We tested the conceptual model using Multiple Linear Regression on SPSS. This explanatory study showed there is a significant influence caused by informativeness, credibility and irritation of SMS advertisements on consumer purchase intention, whereas, entertainment does not have any significant influence on consumer purchase intention. The research offers findings that enable marketers to comprehend how SMS advertising contributes to the formation of consumer purchase intention. This study rounds off with the findings which are theoretical and has practical implications.
A Behavior-Based Perceived Leadership Styles as Determinants of Organizational Functionality
This study aimed to explore how the perception of leadership styles affects the functionality of Higher Education Institutions. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 328 administration and faculty members from several public sector universities. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in AMOS 26. Results indicated that perceived autocratic leadership negatively affects organizational functionality, while perceived democratic leadership positively affects it. The effect of laissez-faire leadership was statistically insignificant. The study concludes that democratic leadership perception enhances organizational functionality, whereas autocratic leadership perception diminishes it, highlighting that employee participation in institutional matters improves organizational effectiveness.
A Effect of Punitive Supervision on nurses’ Turnover Intention:the mediating role of stress and moderating role of Resilience
The present study aimed to scrutinize the impact of punitive supervision on turnover intention in the presence of the mediating role of stress and moderating role of resilience. This study contributed to the literature by linking the relationship of variables with the leader-member exchange theory. Using a questionnaire survey approach, responses from private hospitals were gathered. 342 nurses working at private hospitals in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, provided the data. Data analysis in SPSS was carried out using Process Macro. Descriptive statistics tests, correlations, mediation, and moderation were used for the data analysis. The findings of the present study demonstrated a significant connection between punitive supervision and the intention to leave one’s job. The literature evaluation that was done for this study lends further credence to this theory. This study also shows a favorable relationship between punitive supervision and job stress. Additionally, job stress has a strong and positive relationship with the intention to leave. Based on both direct and indirect impact data, it is possible to infer that the relationship between punitive supervision and the intent to leave the work mediates job stress. The discussion includes practical implications, limitations, and recommendations for further study. Future study is advised to take into account time-lag studies with a sizable data set and additional dimension.